[, Jorde R, Kubiak J. In another study, 10 mcg (400 IU)/day vitamin D and 1,000 mg/day calcium supplementation slightly, but significantly, reduced weight gain amounts in comparison with placebo in postmenopausal women, especially those with a baseline total calcium intake of less than 1,200 mg/day [153]. Post-treatment levels of plasma 25- and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and mortality in men with aggressive prostate cancer. Journal of AOAC International 2017;100:1223-4. [, Tripkovic L, Wilson LR, Hart K, Johnsen S, de Lusignan S, Smith CP, et al. Preventing multiple sclerosis: To (take) vitamin D or not to (take) vitamin D? One systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated 35 clinical trials that included 43,407 adults with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes who received a median of 83 mcg (3,332 IU)/day vitamin D supplements or placebo for a median of 16 weeks [148]. 6.Mushrooms. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:810-9. [, Keum N, Lee DH, Greenwood DC, Manson JE, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 2018; 10, 277;doi:10.3390/nu10030277. [, Taylor CL, Patterson KY, Roseland JM, Wise SA, Merkel JM, Pehrsson PR, Yetley EA. Most people in the United States consume less than recommended amounts of vitamin D. An analysis of data from the 20152016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that average daily vitamin D intakes from foods and beverages were 5.1 mcg (204 IU) in men, 4.2 mcg (168 IU) in women, and 4.9 mcg (196 IU) in children aged 219 years [39]. Older adults are at increased risk of developing vitamin D insufficiency, partly because the skin's ability to synthesize vitamin D declines with age [1,61]. Having low levels of vitamin D is a common problem that can lead to bone disorders and other medical problems. People with limited sun exposure
[, Sempos CT, Binkley N. 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay standardisation and vitamin D guidelines paralysis. Several trials have investigated whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent the transition from prediabetes to diabetes in patients with adequate 25(OH)D levels, and all have had negative results. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers: The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Vitamin D toxicity, otherwise known as hypervitaminosis D, can result in dehydration, fatigue, muscle weakness, vomiting, and calcification of tissues (68, 69). Gut. 09-E015. The combination of these diuretics with vitamin D supplements (which increase intestinal calcium absorption) might lead to hypercalcemia, especially among older adults and individuals with compromised renal function or hyperparathyroidism [167,175,176]. In the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial (described above), vitamin D3 and calcium supplements had no effect on rates of colorectal cancer. Mushrooms are one of the best plant-based dietary sources of vitamin D outside of fortified milk alternatives. [, Taylor CL, Rosen CJ, Dwyer JT. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The fifty bottles of 1000 IU vitamin D pills mentioned above would weigh in the ballpark of 2500 g. A typical vitamin D tablet weighs 150 mg and is >99.9% filling. National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. Even though sunlight is a major source of vitamin D for some people, the FNB based the vitamin D RDAs on the assumption that people receive minimal sun exposure [1]. 13-05183-EF-1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Vitamin D (also referred to as "calciferol") is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in a few foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. They use only USP ascorbic acid to produce their vitamin C products so you can be assured that you are getting the highest quality available. Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the incidence rate of myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, stroke, venous thrombosis, or death from CVD. The USPSTF evaluated 11 randomized clinical trials of vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation in a total of 51,419 healthy, community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older who did not have osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, or prior fractures [75,76]. Circulating vitamin D concentrations and risk of breast and prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. [, Anglin RES, Samaan Z, Walter SD, McDonald SD. The 'sunshine vitamin': benefits beyond bone? Season, time of day, length of day, cloud cover, smog, skin melanin content, and sunscreen are among the factors that affect UV radiation exposure and vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin D plays a role in glucose metabolism. For example, a 3-year trial in New Zealand randomized 5,110 adults (mean age 65.9 years) to a single dose of 5,000 mcg (200,000 IU) vitamin D3 followed by 2,500 mcg (100,000 IU) each month or a placebo for a median of 3.3 years [124]. Nutrients 2018 Apr 16;10(4). It also helps keep your muscles, nerves, and immune system working normally. Among the women with two or more serum 25(OH)D samples taken before diagnosis (which reduced random measurement variation), a 50 nmol/L increase in 25(OH)D was associated with a 41% reduced risk of MS, and 25(OH)D levels less than 30 nmol/L were associated with an MS risk that was twice as high as levels of 50 nmol/L or higher. In fact, up to 40% of U.S. adults are considered to have insufficient levels (not enough) of vitamin D, while around 6% are considered deficient in. The vitamin D paradox in Black Americans: A systems-based approach to investigating clinical practice, research, and public healthexpert panel meeting report. [, Malihi Z, Lawes CMM, Wu Z, Huang Y, Waayer D, Toop L, et al. [, Scragg R, Stewart AW, Waayer D, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Sluyter J, et al. Another study included 2,259 healthy individuals aged 45 to 75 years who had had one or more serrated polyps (precursor lesions to colorectal cancer) that had been removed [102]. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of depression and poor physical function in older persons: The D-Vitaal study, a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2013;128:2517-31. UV radiation is a carcinogen, and UV exposure is the most preventable cause of skin cancer. A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. As a result, a finding can be falsely low or falsely high, depending on the assay used and the laboratory. But despite the importance of the sun for vitamin D synthesis, limiting skin exposure to sunlight and UV radiation from tanning beds is prudent [28]. However, more than 20 mcg (800 IU)/day vitamin D3, when taken with calcium supplements, significantly increased blood pressure in participants with overweight and obesity. There are two forms of vitamin D in the diet and supplements: Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol):found in some. The weight-loss drug orlistat (Xenical and alli), together with a reduced-fat diet, can reduce the absorption of vitamin D from food and supplements, leading to lower 25(OH)D levels [164-167]. No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: Results from a randomised controlled trial. Observational studies suggest that adequate vitamin D levels might reduce the risk of contracting MS and, once MS is present, decrease the risk of relapse and slow the disease's progression [138]. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:961-8. If you Google cforyourself vitamin d toxicity, it has answered all of my questions that all the doctor's couldn't. The blog writer is a scientist and it's very interesting to read. For example, almost all of the U.S. milk supply is voluntarily fortified with about 3 mcg/cup (120 IU), usually in the form of vitamin D3 [23]. A meta-analysis of prospective studies that evaluated the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and cancer incidence (8 studies) or cancer mortality (16 studies) found that cancer risk decreased by 7% and cancer mortality rates decreased by 2% with each 20 nmol/L (8 ng/mL) increase in serum 25(OH)D levels [89]. Show Out of Stock Items. Vitamin D and calcium: A systematic review of health outcomes. [, Laurent MR, Gielen E, Pauwels S, Vanderschueren D, Bouillon R. Hypervitaminosis D associated with tanning bed use: A case report. Nutritional rickets around the world: An update. CMAJ 2019;191:E390-4. Serum vitamin D and risk of breast cancer within five years. Evidence Synthesis Number 118. The concurrent presence of fat in the gut enhances vitamin D absorption, but some vitamin D is absorbed even without dietary fat. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and increased risk of serrated polyps: Results from a randomised clinical trial. [, Nair-Shalliker V, Bang A, Egger S, Clements M, Gardiner RA, Kricker A, et al. Vitamin D helps you absorb calcium and phosphate from food. Lung cancer
Factors such as adiposity, skin pigmentation, vitamin D binding protein polymorphisms, and genetics contribute to differences in 25(OH)D levels between Black and White Americans. One recent clinical trial, for example, randomized 78 frail and near-frail adults aged 65 years and older to receive 20 mcg (800 IU) vitamin D3, 10 mcg 25(OH)D, or placebo daily for 6 months. Vitamin D2 is from plant sources. For a reader-friendly overview of Vitamin D, see our consumer fact sheet on Vitamin D. For information on vitamin D and COVID-19, see Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID-19. It concluded "with moderate certainty" that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce the numbers of falls or injuries, such as fractures, resulting from falls [77,78]. Calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation prevents bone loss in the spine secondary to low-dose corticosteroids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical trial evidence provides some support for the observational findings. In serum, 25(OH)D has a fairly long circulating half-life of 15 days [1]. Several forms of vitamin D exist.The two major forms are vitamin D 2 or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D 3 or cholecalciferol. Vitamin D 20 000 IU per week for five years does not prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes. In fact, 20132016 NHANES data showed that 92% of men, more than 97% of women, and 94% of people aged 1 year and older ingested less than the EAR of 10 mcg (400 IU) of vitamin D from food and beverages [40]. Ann Oncol 2019;30:733-43. Pancreatic cancer
[, Taylor CL, Roseland JM, Coates PM, Pehrsson PR. [, Beveridge LA, Struthers AD, Khan F, Jorde R, Scragg R, Macdonald HM, et al. [, Gotfredsen A, Westergren Hendel H, Andersen T. Influence of orlistat on bone turnover and body composition. J Clin Endorcinol Metab 2015;100:2339-46. MS is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that damages the myelin sheath surrounding and protecting nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Vitamin D is also needed for the normal development and growth of muscle fibers. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. Vitamin D supplements are another way to help children get enough vitamin D every day. Nutrients 2018; 10, 375; doi:10.3390/nu10030375 [, Mousa A, Naderpoor N, Teede H, Scragg R, de Courten, B. Vitamin D supplementation for improvement of chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2015;128:1167-70. Thiazide diuretics
This U-shaped association was most pronounced for men with the most aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Type 2 diabetes
Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: Controversy unresolved. Studies show that 25(OH)D appears to be approximately five times more potent than the parent vitamin for raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations [17,20,21]. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019;64:276-88. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:558S-64S. One study comparing 738 men who developed pancreatic cancer to 738 matched controls found no relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of pancreatic cancer [105]. [, Durup D, Jorgensen HL, Christensen J, Tjonnland A, Olsen A, Halkjaer J, et al. For men with prostate cancer, whether vitamin D supplementation lengthens cancer-related survival is not clear. Preventive Medicine 2013;57:753-64. An analysis of NHANES 20092016 data found that only 20.5% of breastfed infants and 31.1% of infants who were not breastfed ingested these recommended amounts of supplements [60]. Vitamin D, Volume 2: Health, Disease and Therapeutics, Fourth Edition. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Ratliff KA, Cook NR, Khurana B, Kim E, et al. UVB radiation does not penetrate glass, so exposure to sunshine indoors through a window does not produce vitamin D [27]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. Since 2014, however, several published studies and meta-analyses have found no relationship between 25(OH)D levels and prostate cancer risk [111,112]. Total cancer incidence and mortality
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